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?nh nghia ph?n m?m m ngu?n m?

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    Posted: 01 April 2008 at 13:54

 

 1. Gi?i thi?u

1.1 ?nh nghia ph?n m?m m ngu?n m? (PMMNM):

 

C nhi?u d?ng b?n quy?n ph?n m?m v cch phn ph?i. Ngu?i ta c th? chia chng thnh 2 d?ng chnh: S? s?n c c?a m ngu?n v gi ti?n. M ngu?n l m c?a ph?n m?m du?c vi?t b?ng m?t ngn ng? l?p trnh cao c?p hon. Khng nhu m nh? phn (binary code), n bi?u d?t c?u trc v nguyn l c?a chuong trnh. M?t ph?n m?m du?c phn ph?i ? d?ng m nh? phn cn du?c g?i l ph?n m?m m ngu?n dng (closed source) ho?c blackbox.

 

 

 

 

 

M ngu?n m?

 

 

C

Khng

Gi

Mi?n ph

PMMNM

Phi kinh doanh

Freeware
Shareware

Tr? ph

PMMNM

Kinh doanh

?c quy?n /
Ph?n m?m kinh doanh

 

B?ng 1: Phn lo?i PMMNM & cc ph?n m?m khc (ngu?n: FLOSS Report)

 

M ngu?n m? khng ch? c nghia l cung c?p m ngu?n. Cc di?u kho?n phn ph?i c?a PMMNM ph?i tun theo nh?ng tiu ch sau:

 

  • Phn ph?i mi?n ph
  • M ngu?n
  • Cc s?n ph?m g?c
  • Ton b? m ngu?n c?a tc gi?
  • Khng phn bi?t ngu?i dng hay nhm
  • Khng phn bi?t linh v?c lm vi?c
  • Cung c?p license
  • License khng du?c ch? d?nh ring cho 1 s?n ph?m
  • License khng du?c h?n ch? cc ph?n m?m khc
  • License ph?i trung l?p v? m?t cng ngh?

 

Phn lo?i v t?ng quan v? license

 

PMMNM c th? phn chia d?a theo cc tiu ch c?a n. Du?i dy l t?ng qut v? cc d?ng license khc nhau:

 

B?ng 2: T?ng quan v? cc d?ng license (ngu?n: FLOSS Report)

 

1.2 Cc s?n ph?m PMMNM:

(Ngu?n: www.opensource.org)

Internet d?y r?y nh?ng PMMNM dnh cho m?c dch thuong m?i. C th? ni r?ng, khng c m ngu?n m? s? khng c Internet.  M?t vi s?n ph?m m ngu?n m? ph? bi?n hi?n nay l:

H? di?u hnh

  • Linux: h? di?u hnh gi?ng Unix du?c s? d?ng nhi?u nh?t trn th? gi?i. Cc phin b?n c?a n ch?y trn m?i h? th?ng, t? my tnh xch tay, my d? bn cho d?n cc siu my tnh m?nh nh?t. ? bi?t danh sch cc ngu?n phn ph?i Linux, xem t?i dy.
  • FreeBSD, OpenBSD, v NetBSD: Cc BSD du?c d?a trn Berkeley Systems Distribution of Unix, pht tri?n b?i ?i h?c California, Berkeley.  M?t BSD khc d?a trn d? n m ngu?n m? l Darwin, n?n t?ng c?a Apple's Mac OS X. 

Nhi?u router box v my ch? h? th?ng tn mi?n g?c (root DNS server) trn Internet gi? cho m?ng lun ho?t d?ng d?a trn n?n BSD ho?c Linux. Ngu?i ta cho r?ng Microsoft gi? kn cc BSD box nh?m duy tr ho?t d?ng cho cc d?ch v? MSN v Hotmail c?a h?. Khng c g dng ng?c nhin khi bi?t r?ng h?u h?t cc h? di?u hnh d?ng d?u trong kh? nang gi? m?ng internet ch?y t?t d?u l m ngu?n m?.

Internet 

  • Apache, ch?y trn hon 50% my ch? web ton th? gi?i.
  • BIND, ph?n m?m cung c?p tn mi?n (domain name service) cho m?ng Internet.
  • sendmail, ph?n m?m v?n chuy?n e-mail quan tr?ng v du?c dng r?ng ri nh?t trn Internet.
  • Mozilla, m?t thi?t k? l?i d?a trn m ngu?n m? c?a trnh duy?t Netscape, dang l?y l?i lnh d?a t? tay Netscape trong cu?c chi?n gi?a cc trnh duy?t".  N d pht tri?n nhanh chng t? 1.0 ln 1.2, tang thm ch?c nang v s? ?n d?nh m khng trnh duy?t khc no c du?c.  
  • OpenSSL l chu?n giao ti?p an ton (m ha m?nh) trn m?ng.

TCP/IP DNS, SSL, v my ch? e-mail du?c ch d?c bi?t b?i chng l "k? gi?t ch?t gi?i h?n"; khng ch? v kh? nang m?nh m? v cng, chng cn t?t d?n n?i khng d?i th? c?nh tranh thuong m?i no c th? thay th? n?i.

Cc cng c? l?p trnh

  • Perl, Zope, v PHP, l nh?ng engine ph? bi?n sau "cc n?i dung tr?c ti?p" (live content) trn m?ng ton c?u.
  • Cc ngn ng? cao c?p khc nhu Python, Ruby, v Tcl/Tk r?t thnh cng v th?nh hnh trong d?i ngu nh?ng nh pht tri?n nang d?ng.
  • Trnh bin d?ch GNU v cc cng c? (GCC, Make, Autoconf, Automake, v m?t s? khc)  du?c cho l trnh bin d?ch m?nh, linh ho?t cung nhu d? m? rng nh?t hi?n nay.  H?u  h?t t?t c? d? n m ngu?n m? d?u s? d?ng chng nhu cng c? pht tri?n chnh.

Cc cng c? pht tri?n du?c thi?t k? d?c bi?t t?t b?i khng c cc cng c? chuong trnh m ngu?n m?, PMMNM s? di h?i cng c? thch h?p d? xy d?ng v tinh ch?nh n.  C hng tram ngn gi m ngu?n m? ph? bi?n, bao qut nhi?u linh v?c ph?n m?m, v ngy m?t pht tri?n nhi?u hon. V sao? B?i PMMNM mi?n ph l m?t tu?ng qu h?p d?n d?n n?i m?t khi ngu?i ta b?t d?u hi?u n, g?n nhu m?i ngu?i d?u mu?n h?c cch dng n, pht tri?n v t?o ra PMMNM c?a ring mnh d? chia s? cng nh?ng ngu?i khc. B?n cung c th? lm ra ti?n b?ng cch dng PMMNM giao s?n ph?m hay d?ch v? cho khch hng c?a mnh. 

 

2. PMMNM: Thu?n l?i & H?n ch?

 

Ph?n du?i dy  trnh by nh?ng l?i ch, s? b?o m?t v nh?ng pht tri?n trong tuong lai c?a m ngu?n m?.

2.1 L?i ch

 

B?o m?t nh? m? v B?o m?t nh? dng

V?i cc ph?n m?m Black-Box, s? b?o m?t c du?c b?ng cch che gi?u m ngu?n, ngu?c l?i, PMMNM cho php nhi?u ngu?i dng c th? nh?n bi?t cc do?n m cung nhu tu? bi?n chng.

 

    ng tay v? nn ku (Four eyes see more than two eyes)

    Ph?n h?i trong c?ng d?ng: ph?n ?ng c?a m?i ngu?i di?n ra nhanh hon khi s? c? b?o m?t du?c pht hi?n.

    C?n t mi?ng v hon (patch)

    t cu?c t?n cng nguy hi?m hon

 

 

Tnh tuong thch

Kh? nang d?nh d?ng l v h?n, do d cc cng ty c th? tu? bi?n m ngu?n cho ph h?p v?i nhu c?u .  i?u ny cho php m ngu?n lin t?c du?c pht tri?n.

 

Hi?u nang

Hi?u nang c?a cc PMMNM thu?ng cao hon so v?i ph?n m?m d? quy?n v tnh ?n d?nh v d? tinh c?y.

 

Khng l? thu?c vo nh s?n xu?t

V?i m ngu?n m? s? khng cn s? l? thu?c vo nh s?n xu?t, khng cn ph?i d?i m?t v?i nh?ng v?n d? pht sinh nhu khi m?t nh s?n xu?t ph?n m?m d?c quy?n ph s?n.

 

Chi ph

-          Chi ph mua PMMNM th?p hon, nhung chi ph hu?n luy?n ban d?u cao hon

-          Y?u t? quy?t d?nh & then ch?t: TCO (T?ng chi ph s? h?u)       

 

Ni chung, m ngu?n m? c giai do?n ki?m nghi?m lu di hon, cho php nhi?u th?i gian hon d? pht tri?n v hu?ng t?i s? ?n d?nh cao hon. ua vo s? d?ng khi d ?n d?nh d?ng nghia v?i gi?m s? c? v chi ph.

 

2.2 H?n ch?

 

a d?ng v ph?c t?p

C?ng d?ng m ngu?n m? d pht tri?n nhi?u ?ng d?ng da d?ng v?i nh?ng ch?c nang tuong t? nhau. i?u ny gy kh khan cho nh?ng ngu?i m?i s? d?ng trong vi?c ch?n l?a. Co c?u ch?n l?a d du?c thi?t l?p nhu nh s?n xu?t, gi c?, th? ph?n ho?c h? tr? ch? cung c?p m?t s? gip d? c h?n.

 

V?n d? th?c s? l m?t khi gia tang tnh da d?ng s? d?n d?n s? ph?c t?p trong khi v?i x h?i ngy nay, ngu?i ta lun mong mu?n s? don gi?n.

 

M?t gi?i php kh? thi cho v?n d? ny c th? l s? ch?n l?a tru?c c?a nh phn ph?i

 

S? du th?a

S? chia nhnh m ngu?n c th? d?n d?n s? lng ph trong qu trnh pht tri?n n. N?u cc ngu?n pht tri?n du?c k?t h?p v t? ch?c l?i m?t cch t?t hon th hi?u su?t s? du?c nng cao.

 

Thi?u cc ?ng d?ng

V?n cn nh?ng linh v?c v?ng bng cc PMMNM. (VD: m?t trnh bin so?n HTML nhu MS Frontpage)

 

B?t ti?n

M ngu?n m? thu?ng ch? t?p trung vo cc m c?a n m t ch d?n thi?t k? giao di?n v pht tri?n cc ti?n ch. Trong Microsoft World, h?u h?t cc pht tri?n trong vi nam g?n dy d?u thu?c linh v?c ti?n ch v pht tri?n giao di?n ngu?i dng.

 

Thm vo nh?ng mu thu?n trn, ngu?i ta ph?i xem xt vi?c dng m?t s?n ph?m d?c quy?n ch?ng h?n nhu c?a Microsoft v?n r?t n?i ti?ng v?i vi?c chuy?n sang dng PMMNM ph?i h?c cch s? d?ng cc ?ng d?ng m?i.

3. V d? v? tri?n khai PMMNM ? m?t co quan nh nu?c:

3.1 : Tru?ng h?p ? Munich (?c)

 

Ngu?n: http://www.muenchen.de/Rathaus/dir/limux/projekt/89257/index.html

 

D? n LiMux [ Linux Mnchen ]

 

D? n LiMux Cu?c cch m?ng Cng ngh? thng tin

 

Ngy 28/5/2003, H?i d?ng thnh ph? thng qua ngh? quy?t chung chuy?n d?i sang dng PMMNM. Cng tc chu?n b? v cc nghin c?u v? tnh kh? thi k? thu?t du?c xc ti?n, d?ng th?i m?t k? ho?ch t?ng p d?ng du?c d? ra. Hon 1 nam sau, ngy 16/6/2004, H?i d?ng thnh ph? Munich (?c) d?ng chuy?n d?i ton b? my tnh c?a h? sang dng PMMNM.

 

Tru?c khi s? chuy?n d?i b?t d?u, r?t nhi?u cng tc chu?n b? c?n du?c ti?n hnh. Cho d?n ma thu 2004, m?t k? ho?ch chi ti?t s? du?c th?c thi. M?t d?i ngu PMMNM s? du?c thnh l?p nh?m h? tr? cho m?t mi tru?ng lm vi?c h?p nh?t, cung nhu k?t h?p cung c?p gip d? k? thu?t cho vi?c chuy?n d?i. H?i d?ng thnh ph? s? khng ch? p d?ng nh?ng ki?n th?c n?i b? m cn c? s? h? tr? t? bn ngoi.

 

S? c nh?ng k? ho?ch hu?ng d?n ban d?u, kh?i di?m vo cu?i ma thu 2004, tru?c khi t? t? chuy?n sang khu v?c khc vo nam t?i. K? ho?ch chuy?n d?i du?c thi?t l?p nh?m hon t?t m?i vi?c vo nam 2008, khi t?t c? 14,000 my tr?m s? ch?y v?i PMMNM, v s? khng dng b?t c? s?n ph?m no s?p t?i c?a Microsoft.

 

D? n LiMux - Cu?c cch m?ng Cng ngh? thng tin du?c chia lm 2 giai do?n chnh: Giai do?n Khi ni?m v Giai do?n chuy?n d?i. Trong khi giai do?n Khi ni?m t?p trung nhi?u vo s? chu?n b? v t? ch?c, th giai do?n sau th?c s? l giai do?n chuy?n d?i.

 

Ph?n du?i dy m t? chi ti?t cc giai do?n. ? bi?t thm thng tin, hy xem website c?a d? n.

http://www.muenchen.de/Rathaus/dir/limux/projekt/89257/index.html

 

 


Giai do?n Khi ni?m: T?ng quan

 

 

C?u trc d? n:

 

Ban Qu?n L d? n du?c t?p h?p t? nh?ng nh qu?n l d? n c?a IBM v SuSe, m?c tiu chnh c?a h? l lin k?t v di?u khi?n ton b? d? n. H? cung xem xt cc van b?n php l.

 

Cc nhm khc g?m:

            - Qu?n l truy?n thng (KoM)

- Van phng qu?n l Ki?n trc (AMO)

D? n du?c chia lm nhi?u d? n nh? t?p trung vo cc linh v?c chi ti?t nhu:

-          C?u hnh my khch

-          Ki?m tra m? & hi?u l?c

-          Hu?n luy?n v gi?i thi?u

-          Chuy?n d?i

-          D?ch v? h? t?ng trung tm

 


Giai do?n Chuy?n d?i: T?ng quan

 

 

Ban Qu?n L d? n x? l nh?ng m?t sau:

-          K? ho?ch Nhn s?

-          K? ho?ch Chuy?n d?i v Th?i gian

-          Bo co

-          S? d?ng cc cng c? di?u khi?n

-          Theo di k? ho?ch

-          Phn tch v Quy?t d?nh

-          T?ng qu?n l

-          Coi sc ngn sch d? n

Van phng Qu?n L d? n du?c chia theo nh?ng d? n ph?:

-          ?i ngu M ngu?n m? - Win

-          Cung c?p h? t?ng k? thu?t

-          Lin k?t do t?o

-          K?t h?p d? n Hu?ng d?n v Th?c thi

 


3.2 M?t s? v d? khc

 

Trung Qu?c

Cng v?i cc l do thuong m?i trong vi?c b?o v? ph?n m?m n?i d?a, bn c?nh d cn do b?o m?t. Chnh ph? Trung Qu?c h? tr? chnh th?c h? di?u hnh Red Flag Linux  b?i m ngu?n m? cho cc vin ch?c th?y r?ng khng c ph?n m?m gin di?p ci d?t tri php .

 

Php

Hu?ng d?n chung v? thu? nh?p kh?u c?a Php (DGI) uu tin dng gi?i php m ngu?n m? cho cc my ch? qu?n l khai bo trn m?ng . V?i LGPL (lesser general public license) JBoss, gi?i php ph?n m?m m ngu?n m? n?m quy?n lm ch? h? th?ng, bao g?m cc ngn ng? c dang k b?n quy?n nhu Java.

4. Ngu?n tham kh?o:

 

http://www.opensource.org/docs/definition.php

 

http://www.ig.cs.tu-berlin.de/ap/rl/2002-05/Leiteritz-DA-OSS-Geschaeftsmodelle-052002.pdf

 

Bo co t?ng k?t FLOSS  Ph?n m?m M ngu?n m? : i?u tra v Nghin c?u

 

http://www.muenchen.de/Rathaus/dir/limux/projekt/89257/index.html

 

 

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